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# Frequently asked questions

### Why does my bookmark not move to the new commit after `jj new/commit`?

If you're familiar with Git, you might expect the current bookmark to move forward when you commit. However, Jujutsu does not have a concept of a "current bookmark".

To move bookmarks, use `jj bookmark move`.

### I made a commit and `jj git push --all` says "Nothing changed" instead of pushing it. What do I do?

`jj git push --all` pushes all bookmarks, not all revisions. You have two options:

- Using `jj git push --change` will automatically create a bookmark and push it.
- Using `jj bookmark` commands to create or move a bookmark to either the commit you want to push or a descendant on it. Unlike Git, Jujutsu doesn't do this automatically (see previous question).

### Where is my commit, why is it not visible in `jj log`?

Is your commit visible with `jj log -r 'all()'`?

If yes, you should be aware that `jj log` only shows the revisions matching `revsets.log` by default. You can change it as described in config to show more revisions.

If not, the revision may have been abandoned (e.g. because you used `jj abandon`, or because it's an obsolete version that's been rewritten with `jj rebase`, `jj describe`, etc). In that case, `jj log -r commit_id` should show the revision as "hidden". `jj new commit_id` should make the revision visible again.

See revsets and templates for further guidance.

### What are elided revisions in the output of `jj log`? How can I display them?

"Elided revisions" appears in the log when one revision descends from another, both are in the revset, but the revisions connecting them are not in the revset.

For example, suppose you log the revset `tyl|mus` which contains exactly two revisions:

    $  jj log -r 'tyl|mus'
    ○  musnqzvt me@example.com 1 minute ago 9a09f8a5
    │  Revision C
    ~  (elided revisions)
    ○  tylynnzk me@example.com 1 minute ago f26967c8
    │  Revision A

Only the two revisions in the revset are displayed. The text "(elided revisions)" is shown to indicate that `musnqzvt` descends from `tylynnzk`, but the nodes connecting them are not in the revset.

To view the elided revisions, change the revset expression so it includes the connecting revisions. The `connected()` revset function does exactly this:

    $ jj log -r 'connected(tyl|mus)'
    ○  musnqzvt me@example.com 43 seconds ago 9a09f8a5
    │  Revision C
    ○  rsvnrznr me@example.com 43 seconds ago 5b490f30
    │  Revision B
    ○  tylynnzk me@example.com 43 seconds ago f26967c8
    │  Revision A

### How can I get `jj log` to show me what `git log` would show me?

Use `jj log -r ..`. The `..` operator lists all visible commits in the repo, excluding the root (which is never interesting and is shared by all repos).

### Can I monitor how `jj log` evolves?

The simplest way to monitor how the history as shown by `jj log` evolves is by using the watch(1) command (or hwatch or viddy). For example:

    watch --color jj --ignore-working-copy log --color=always

This will continuously update the (colored) log output in the terminal. The `--ignore-working-copy` option avoids conflicts with manual operations during the creation of snapshots. Martin used watch in a tmux pane during his presentation Jujutsu - A Git-compatible VCS.

Alternatively, you can use jj-fzf, where the central piece is the `jj log` view and common operations can be carried out via key bindings while the log view updates.

The wiki lists additional TUIs and GUIs beyond the terminal: GUI-and-TUI

### Should I co-locate my repository?

Co-locating a Jujutsu repository allows you to use both Jujutsu and Git in the same working copy. The benefits of doing so are:

- You can use Git commands when you're not sure how to do something with Jujutsu, Jujutsu hasn't yet implemented a feature (e.g., bisection), or you simply prefer Git in some situations.

- Tooling that expects a Git repository still works (IDEs, build tooling, etc.)

The co-location documentation describes the drawbacks but the most important ones are:

- Interleaving `git` and `jj` commands may create confusing bookmark conflicts or divergent changes.

- If the working copy commit or its parent contain any conflicted files, tools expecting a Git repo may interpret the commit contents or its diff in a wrong and confusing way. You should avoid doing mutating operations with Git tools and ignore the confusing information such tools present for conflicted commits (unless you are curious about the details of how `jj` stores conflicts). See #3979 for plans to improve this situation.

- Jujutsu commands may be a little slower in very large repositories due to importing and exporting changes to Git. Most repositories are not noticeably affected by this.

If you primarily use Jujutsu to modify the repository, the drawbacks are unlikely to affect you. Try co-locating while you learn Jujutsu, then switch if you find a specific reason not to co-locate.

### `jj` is said to record the working copy after `jj log` and every other command. Where can I see these automatic "saves"?

Indeed, every `jj` command updates the current "working-copy" revision, marked with `@` in `jj log`. You can notice this by how the commit ID of the working copy revision changes when it's updated. Note that, unless you move to another revision (with `jj new` or `jj edit`, for example), the change ID will not change.

If you expected to see a historical view of your working copy changes in the parent-child relationships between commits you can see in `jj log`, this is simply not what they mean. What you can see in `jj log` is that after the working copy commit gets amended (after any edit), the commit ID changes.

You can see the actual history of working copy changes using `jj evolog`. This will show the history of the commits that were previously the "working-copy commit", since the last time the change id of the working copy commit changed. The obsolete changes will be marked as "hidden". They are still accessible with any `jj` command (`jj diff`, for example), but you will need to use the commit id to refer to hidden commits.

You can also use `jj evolog -r` on revisions that were previously the working-copy revisions (or on any other revisions). Use `jj evolog -p` as an easy way to see the evolution of the commit's contents.

### Can I prevent Jujutsu from recording my unfinished work? I'm not ready to commit it.

Jujutsu automatically records new files in the current working-copy commit and doesn't provide a way to prevent that.

However, you can easily record intermediate drafts of your work. If you think you might want to go back to the current state of the working-copy commit, simply use `jj new`. There's no need for the commit to be "finished" or even have a description.

Then future edits will go into a new working-copy commit on top of the now former working-copy commit. Whenever you are happy with another set of edits, use `jj squash` to amend the previous commit.

If you have changes you never want to put in a public commit, see: How can I keep my scratch files in the repository without committing them?

For more options see the next question.

### Can I interactively create a new commit from only some of the changes in the working copy, like `git add -p && git commit` or `hg commit -i`?

Since the changes are already in the working-copy commit, the equivalent to `git add -p && git commit`/`git commit -p`/`hg commit -i` is to split the working-copy commit with `jj split -i` (or the practically identical `jj commit -i`).

For the equivalent of `git commit --amend -p`/`hg amend -i`, use `jj squash -i`.

### Is there something like `git rebase --interactive` or `hg histedit`?

Not yet, you can check this issue for updates.

To reorder commits, it is for now recommended to rebase commits individually, which may require multiple invocations of `jj rebase -r` or `jj rebase -s`.

To squash or split commits, use `jj squash` and `jj split`.

### How can I keep my scratch files in the repository without committing them?

You can set `snapshot.auto-track` to only start tracking new files matching the configured pattern (e.g. `"none()"`). Changes to already tracked files will still be snapshotted by every command.

You can keep your notes and other scratch files in the repository, if you add a wildcard pattern to either the repo's `gitignore` or your global `gitignore`. Something like `*.scratch` or `*.scratchpad` should do, after that rename the files you want to keep around to match the pattern.

If you keep your scratch files in their own directory with no tracked files, you can create a `.gitignore` file in that directory containing only `*`. This will ignore everything in the directory including the `.gitignore` file itself.

If `$EDITOR` integration is important, something like `scratchpad.*` may be more helpful, as you can keep the filename extension intact (it matches `scratchpad.md`, `scratchpad.rs` and more). Another option is to add a directory to the global `.gitignore` which then stores all your temporary files and notes. For example, you could add `scratch/` to `~/.git/ignore` and then store arbitrary files in `<your-git-repo>/scratch/`.

You can find more details on `gitignore` files here.

### How can I avoid committing my local-only changes to tracked files?

Suppose your repository tracks a file like `secret_config.json`, and you make some changes to that file to work locally. Since Jujutsu automatically commits the working copy, there's no way to prevent Jujutsu from committing changes to the file. But, you never want to push those changes to the remote repository.

One solution is to keep these changes in a separate commit branched from the trunk. To use those changes in your working copy, merge the private commit into your branch.

Suppose you have a commit "Add new feature":

    $ jj log
    @  xxxxxxxx me@example.com 2024-08-21 11:13:21 ef612875
    │  Add new feature
    ◉  yyyyyyyy me@example.com 2024-08-21 11:13:09 main b624cf12
    │  Existing work
    ~

First, create a new commit branched from main and add your private changes:

    $ jj new main -m "private: my credentials"
    Working copy now at: wwwwwwww 861de9eb (empty) private: my credentials
    Parent commit      : yyyyyyyy b624cf12 main | Existing work
    Added 0 files, modified 1 files, removed 0 files

    $ echo '{ "password": "p@ssw0rd1" }' > secret_config.json

Now create a merge commit with the branch you're working on and the private commit:

    $ jj new xxxxxxxx wwwwwwww
    Working copy now at: vvvvvvvv ac4d9fbe (empty) (no description set)
    Parent commit      : xxxxxxxx ef612875 Add new feature
    Parent commit      : wwwwwwww 2106921e private: my credentials
    Added 0 files, modified 1 files, removed 0 files

    $ jj log
    @    vvvvvvvv me@example.com 2024-08-22 08:57:40 ac4d9fbe
    ├─╮  (empty) (no description set)
    │ ◉  wwwwwwww me@example.com 2024-08-22 08:57:40 2106921e
    │ │  private: my credentials
    ◉ │  xxxxxxxx me@example.com 2024-08-21 11:13:21 ef612875
    ├─╯  Add new feature
    ◉  yyyyyyyy me@example.com 2024-08-21 11:13:09 main b624cf12
    │  Existing work
    ~

Now you're ready to work:

- Your work in progress xxxxxxxx is the first parent of the merge commit.
- The private commit wwwwwwww is the second parent of the merge commit.
- The working copy (vvvvvvvv) contains changes from both.

As you work, squash your changes using `jj squash --into xxxxxxxx`.

If you need a new empty commit on top of `xxxxxxxx` you can use the `--insert-after` and `--insert-before` options (`-A` and `-B` for short):

    # Insert a new commit after xxxxxxxx
    $ jj new --no-edit -A xxxxxxxx -m "Another feature"
    Working copy now at: uuuuuuuu 1c3cff09 (empty) Another feature
    Parent commit      : xxxxxxxx ef612875 Add new feature

    # Insert a new commit between yyyyyyyy and vvvvvvvv
    $ jj new --no-edit -A yyyyyyyy -B vvvvvvvv -m "Yet another feature"
    Working copy now at: tttttttt 938ab831 (empty) Yet another feature
    Parent commit      : yyyyyyyy b624cf12 Existing work

To avoid pushing change wwwwwwww by mistake, use the configuration git.private-commits:

    jj config set --user git.private-commits 'description(glob:"private:*")'

### I accidentally changed files in the wrong commit, how do I move the recent changes into another commit?

Use `jj evolog -p` to see how your working-copy commit has evolved. Find the commit you want to restore the contents to. Let's say the current commit (with the changes intended for a new commit) are in commit X and the state you wanted is in commit Y. Note the commit id (normally in blue at the end of the line in the log output) of each of them. Now use `jj new` to create a new working-copy commit, then run `jj restore --from Y --into @-` to restore the parent commit to the old state, and `jj restore --from X` to restore the new working-copy commit to the new state.

### How do I resume working on an existing change?

There are two ways to resume working on an earlier change: `jj new` then `jj squash`, and `jj edit`. The first is generally recommended, but `jj edit` can be useful. When you use `jj edit`, the revision is directly amended with your new changes, making it difficult to tell what exactly you change. You should avoid using `jj edit` when the revision has a conflict, as you may accidentally break the plain-text annotations on your state without realising.

To start, use `jj new <rev>` to create a change based on that earlier revision. Make your edits, then use `jj squash` to update the earlier revision with those edits. For when you would use git stashing, use `jj edit <rev>` for expected behaviour. Other workflows may prefer `jj edit` as well.

### Why are most merge commits marked as "(empty)"?

Jujutsu, like Git, is a snapshot-based VCS. That means that each commit logically records the state of all current files in the repo. The changes in a commit are not recorded but are instead calculated when needed by comparing the commit's state to the parent commit's state. Jujutsu defines the changes in a commit to be relative to the auto-merged parents (if there's only one parent, then that merge is trivial - it's the parent commit's state). As a result, a merge commit that was a clean merge (no conflict resolution, no additional changes) is considered empty. Conversely, if the merge commit contains conflict resolutions or additional changes, then it will be considered non-empty.

This definition of the changes in a commit is used throughout Jujutsu. It's used by `jj diff -r` and `jj log -p` to show the changes in a commit. It's used by `jj rebase` to rebase the changes in a commit. It's used in `jj log` to indicate which commits are empty. It's used in the `files()` revset function (and by `jj log <path>`) to find commits that modify a certain path. And so on.

### How do I deal with divergent changes ('??' after the change ID)?

A divergent change represents a change that has two or more visible commits associated with it. To refer to such commits, you must use their commit ID. Most commonly, the way to resolve this is to abandon the unneeded commits (using `jj abandon <commit ID>`). If you would like to keep both commits with this change ID, you can `jj duplicate` one of them before abandoning it.

### How do I deal with conflicted bookmarks ('??' after bookmark name)?

A conflicted bookmark is a bookmark that refers to multiple different commits because jj couldn't fully resolve its desired position. Resolving conflicted bookmarks is usually done by setting the bookmark to the correct commit using `jj bookmark move <name> --to <commit ID>`.

Usually, the different commits associated with the conflicted bookmark should all appear in the log, but if they don't you can use `jj bookmark list`to show all the commits associated with it.

### How do I integrate Jujutsu with Gerrit?

At the moment you'll need a script, which adds the required fields for Gerrit like the `Change-Id` footer. Then `jj` can invoke it via an `$EDITOR` override in an aliased command. Here's an example from an contributor (look for the `jj signoff` alias).

After you have attached the `Change-Id:` footer to the commit series, you'll have to manually invoke `git push` of `HEAD` on the underlying git repository into the remote Gerrit bookmark `refs/for/$BRANCH`, where `$BRANCH` is the base bookmark you want your changes to go to (e.g., `git push origin HEAD:refs/for/main`). Using a co-located repo will make the underlying git repo directly accessible from the working directory.

We hope to integrate with Gerrit natively in the future.

### I want to write a tool which integrates with Jujutsu. Should I use the library or parse the CLI?

There are some trade-offs and there is no definitive answer yet.

- Using `jj-lib` avoids parsing command output and makes error handling easier.
- `jj-lib` is not a stable API, so you may have to make changes to your tool when the API changes.
- The CLI is not stable either, so you may need to make your tool detect the different versions and call the right command.
- Using the CLI means that your tool will work with custom-built `jj` binaries, like the one at Google (if you're using the library, you will not be able to detect custom backends and more).